Motivasi Belajar

1-MOTIVASI BELAJAR

• Wujudkan persekitaran pembelajaran yg kondusif
• Maksimakan keberangkalian diri berusaha utk belajar
• Berusaha membantu diri yang kurang keyakinan dengan merancang aktiviti mencabar yang berkaitan dengan kemampuan kita

2-MOTIVASI BELAJAR

• Gunakan ganjaran luaran (extrinsic) dan dalaman (intrinsic)
– Luaran (wang ringgit, hadiah, gred yg tinggi, pangkat‐ketua darjah, pingat, sijil dll.)
– Dalaman (sikap, minat, keperluan, rasa ingin tahu, kepuasan)
• Galakkan menghargai pembelajaran
• Galakkan membantu sesama kita (pembelajaran kerjasama cooperative)

The ear

Label a diagram of the ear.

 

include:

pinna, eardrum, bones of middle ear, oval window, round window, semicircular canals, auditory nerve and cochlea.

 

7. Explain how sound is perceived by the ear, including the roles of the eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval and round windows, and the hair cells of the cochlea.

 

1- eardrum

• sound waves cause eardrum to vibrate towards and away from middle ear
• eardrum transmits mechanical vibration of air molecules to middle ear

2- bones of middle ear

• ossicles = series of very small bones
  • 1st attached to eardrum
  • 3rd attached to oval window
  • muscles attached to ossicles protect from loud sound
    • by contracting to damp down vibrations
• amplify sound x20 by acting as levers:
  • reduce sound wave amplitude
  • increase sound wave force
  • oval window's small size relative to eardrum increases amplification

3- oval window:

• transmits sound waves to the fluid filling the cochlea
  • cochlea is a fluid-filled tube coiled into a spiral shape
    • fluid is incompressible
  • round window responds to movements in oval window
    • maintaining constant volume of fluid
  • fluid in cochlea vibrates in response to oval window vibrations

4- hair cells in cochlea:

• hair cells stretch from hair cell membrane to cochlear tube membrane
  • hair bundles vibrate in response to sound waves traveling through cochlear fluid
• each hair cell resonates in response to specific wavelengths of sound
  • due to gradual gradations in width and thickness of cochlear membrane
• when hair bundles vibrate, hair cells transmit action potentials
  • synapse with auditory nerve
  • travel to auditory cortex in brain

Process of blood clotting

Describe the process of blood clotting:

• injury:
  • initiates release of clotting factors
  • from damaged cells and platelets
• clotting factors:
  • initiate the activation of a cascade of enzymes
  • prothrombin:
    • converted from an inactive form
    • to its active form, thrombin
  • thrombin:
    • catalyzes the conversion of soluble fibrinogen
    • to the insoluble, fibrous protein fibrin
  • fibrin:
    • captures red blood cells in a clot

Passive immunity

Passive immunity is the transfer of active immunity, in the form of ready made antibodies, from one individual to another.  

Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals.  

Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases.^[7] 

Passive immunity provides immediate protection, but the body does not develop memory, therefore the patient is at risk of being infected by the same pathogen later.^[8]

1- Naturally acquired passive immunity

Maternal passive immunity is a type of naturally acquired passive immunity, and refers to antibody-mediated immunity conveyed to a fetus by its mother during pregnancy. 

Maternal antibodies (MatAb) are passed through the placenta to the fetus by an FcRn receptor on placental cells. This occurs around the third month of gestation.^[9] 

IgG is the only antibody isotype that can pass through the placenta.^[9] 

Passive immunity is also provided through the transfer of IgA antibodies found in breast milk that are transferred to the gut of the infant, protecting against bacterial infections, until the newborn can synthesize its own antibodies.^[8]

2- Artificially acquired passive immunity

see also: Temporarily-induced immunity

Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization induced by the transfer of antibodies, which can be administered in several forms; as human or animal blood plasma, as pooled human immunoglobulin for intravenous (IVIG) or intramuscular (IG) use, and in the form of monoclonal antibodies (MAb). 

Passive transfer is used prophylactically in the case of immunodeficiency diseases, such as hypogammaglobulinemia.^[10] 

It is also used in the treatment of several types of acute infection, and to treat poisoning.^[7] Immunity derived from passive immunization lasts for only a short period of time, and there is also a potential risk for hypersensitivity reactions, and serum sickness, especially from gamma globulin of non-human origin.^[8]

The artificial induction of passive immunity has been used for over a century to treat infectious disease, and prior to the advent of antibiotics, was often the only specific treatment for certain infections. 

Immunoglobulin therapy continued to be a first line therapy in the treatment of severe respiratory diseases until the 1930’s, even after sulfonamide lot antibiotics were introduced.^[10]

Passive transfer of cell-mediated immunity

Passive or "adoptive transfer" of cell-mediated immunity, is conferred by the transfer of "sensitized" or activated T-cells from one individual into another. It is rarely used in humans because it requires histocompatible (matched) donors, which are often difficult to find. In unmatched donors this type of transfer carries severe risks of graft versus host disease.^[7] It has, however, been used to treat certain diseases including some types of cancer and immunodeficiency. This type of transfer differs from a bone marrow transplant, in which (undifferentiated) hematopoietic stem cells are transferred.

Motivasi Means

Motivasi ialah kemahuan dalam diri seseorang individu untuk melakukan sesuatu bagi mencapai matlamat.

Menurut Sternberg (2001), motivasi bererti dorongan/ keperluan yang memimpin kepada sesuatu tindakan.

Motivasi juga melibatkan sesuatu proses yang memberikan kuasa dan arahan yang menggerakkan tingkah laku seseorang.

Motivasi juga berkait rapat dengan keinginan untuk mencapai kecemerlangan dalam setiap usaha yang dilakukan (Mohamad Zaaba dan Zuraida Haji Ismail, 2004).

Menurut mereka lagi, jika seseorang pelajar itu terdorong untuk belajar dengan tekun bagi mendapatkan keputusan yang cemerlang maka pelajar itu ialah seorang pelajar yang bermotivasi.

Antara ciri-ciri pelajar bermotivasi tinggi ialah mereka sentiasa ingin ke sekolah awal, ingin ke perpustakaan, gemar membaca, gemar belajar dan menganggap peperiksaan sebagai 1 cabaran.

Oleh sebab itu, adalah amat penting bagi semua pihak yang terlibat dengan pendidikan terutamanya pihak sekolah merancang dan melaksanakan pelbagai langkah bagi meningkatkan minat dan motivasi pelajar.

Pihak sekolah perlu menyediakan iklim persekolahan yang positif bagi menggerakkan motivasi pelajar untuk menghasilkan corak pembelajaran yang berkesan.

Ini kerana iklim sekolah merupakan faktor terpenting dalam menentukan kualiti pembelajaran murid-murid di sekolah seterusnya menentukan keberkesanan sesebuah sekolah.

Kecemerlangan pendidikan merupakan agenda penting yang sering dibincangkan.

Ini kerana pembangunan dan kemajuan negara pada masa hadapan amat bergantung kepada sistem pendidikan dan rupa bentuk pelajar yang akan dihasilkan.

Dalam usaha untuk membaiki kualiti dalam bidang pendidikan ini, lebih banyak fokus perlu diberikan kepada motivasi pelajar-pelajar. Ini kerana pelajar merupakan harapan negara pada masa hadapan.

Walau setekal mana dan semantap manapun program pendidikan yang dirancang dan dilaksanakan, ianya tidak akan mencapai hasil yang sepenuhnya jika para pelajar tidak berminat untuk belajar.

Menurut Mohamad Zaaba dan Zuraida Haji Ismail (2004), walaupun kehadiran pelajar agak memuaskan, namun kehadiran secara fizikal tidak menjamin penglibatan mental.

Pelajar-pelajar dilihat gagal mengambil peluang sepenuhnya dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.

Ini kerana ramai pelajar tidak mempunyai komitmen terhadap pelajaran mereka.

Kesusahan Bukan Penghalang Kejayaan

1-Tidak Mudah terpedaya dengan hiburan duniawi

2-Tegas dengan pegangan agama dan budaya Melayu

3-Berani kerana Benar

4-Kesusahan sebagai satu nikmat Allah bukn halangan

5-Menyuruh kepada yang baik dan melarang kemungkaran

6-Yakin dengan kemampuan diri setelah berusaha

7-Semua manusia adalah sama di sisi Allah kecuali orang bertakwa

Menjaga hubungan dengan Allah

1-Solat fardhu di awal waktu

2-Bersihkan hati daripada sifat Mazmumah (clik untuk tahu)

3-Qiyamulail iaitu menunaikan Solat Sunat Tahajud, Taubat, Hajat dan Istikharah. (Setiap malam/ setiap minggu)

4-Berpuasa sunat Isnin dan Khamis

5-Amalkan Solat Sunat Dhuha setiap pagi

6-Perbanyakkan selawat ke atas Rasulullah SAW setiap hari. (1000 sehari)

7-Makan makanan yang halal dan jauh dari syubhah.